Malus Law

I=I0cos⁡2θI=I_0\cos^2\theta

Phase difference in birefringent material

ϕ=2πλd∣ne−no∣\phi = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda} d |n_e - n_o|

Reflection at normal incidence

R≡IrefIin=(n2−n1n2+n1)2R \equiv \frac{I_{ref}}{I_{in}} = \left( \frac{n_2 - n_1}{n_2 + n_1} \right)^2

Brewster's Angle in Air

θair=arctan⁡n\theta_{air}=\arctan n

Wiens Displacement Law

λmax⋅T=2,898⋅103 μm⋅K\lambda_{max} \cdot T = 2,898\cdot 10^3 \, \mu m \cdot K